History resoponse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History resoponse - Essay Example The vast majority accepted that people were fit for decimating themselves. This war as alluded by certain individuals was in reality an extraordinary war. It influenced all the countries of the world, from Europe to Africa. Today its belongings are still felt. It was for the most part among Britain, Austria, United States, Germany, Russia and France. These countries prepared masses in different nations to battle against their adversaries. There was political reorganization in the entire world. The war is accepted to have been incredibly filled by strict contrasts. A large portion of the political reconstruction was on strict grounds. Serbia coordinated with Russia as they had similar regulations, Croatia united with Austria. Bosnia upheld the Ottoman Empire. The war was catalyzed when Germany proclaimed its help for Austria against the Serbs. This maddened Russia and stirred British and French. Bargains were shaped and the outcome was Europe being separated into two coalitions. France Britain and Russia came to battle against Germany, Italy and Austria. Str ategy vanished and it was about war. The effect of the war was soon to leave an imprint ever. The utilization of concoction weapons unfavorably influenced humankind. Bombs and toxic gases executed a large number of individuals and the rare sorts of people who endure created lasting medical issues, both physical and mental. Families were broken and sobbing turned into the standard in the whole world since all countries were influenced and its kin were being executed. A portion of the bombs had sweeping disasters as they influenced people in the future. Kids would be brought into the world with different imperfections. The nuclear gases influenced life expectancy of humankind. The individuals who had significantly breathed in the gases kicked the bucket at an early age. The right to speak freely of discourse and articulation was lost. Warriors couldn't unreservedly offer their thoughts on different issues particularly those that related to war. Common social orders lost their voice and they could exhibit take off alone striking. This came about to individuals living in dread

An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens Essays

An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens Essays An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens Paper An Appreciation of the Short Story The Black Veil by Charles Dickens Paper Exposition Topic: Dark Boy Writing Charles Dickens, as a novel essayist, is prestige for writing in extreme sums so as to depict individuals or the environment, or for setting scenes. Be that as it may, in his short stories, for example, The Black Veil, he needs to keep the story short, thus can't bear to broadly expound as he would like. In any case, being one of the incredible creators ever, he despite everything figures out how to make great functions in only a couple of pages. The Black Veil is around 10 pages in length, which, contrasted and Dickens books, is short undoubtedly, significantly littler than a standard part in a novel. In the main section, Dickens ttempts to lay the right foundation by portraying the climate. For the most part, he would compose for a moderately lengthy timespan about something like this, yet here he needs to keep it short, spending just a section regarding the matter. He chooses to make the climate outside exceptionally unforgiving so as to immediately set a barometrical mind-set of cold and dull, and secret. He backs up his depiction of how terrible the climate is by standing out it from the specialists warm home. To begin with, he thought how hard the breeze was blowing and how the cool, sharp downpour would be at that point beating in his face on the off chance that he were not serenely housed at home. Dickens additionally invests little energy in portraying the specialist himself, not in any event, telling the peruser his name. In any case, it mentions a character called Rose, who the specialist wishes to wed. This frameworks the specialists points throughout everyday life, and furthermore his issues. At that point he started to ponder when his first patient would show up or whether he was predetermined, by an exceptional regulation of provision, never to have any patients whatsoever. In this initial passage, Dickens has laid everything out and has included the beginning of a plot through a, now, obscure character. The following section presents another character who is expected by Dickens to include both ension and a silly impact to the story. The character has almost no depiction, yet from what there is, the peruser envisions a pudgy young man eating peppermints throughout the day. He presents the primary subject of the story, the lady operating at a profit cover, and does as such in a fascinating, and fairly entertaining way. The fundamental motivation behind the kid is to include a more extensive point of view of the lady. He causes anticipation and strain, just as fervor from the manner in which he attempts to tell the specialist of the guest, however is clearly scared of her. The kid causes the lady to appear to be upsetting and terrifying. The following passage portrays the womans appearance, ambiguously, however demonstrating that she is of a weird appearance. She doesn't utter a word for quite a while, adding to the tension and causing her to appear to be much more peculiar. The lady at that point tells the specialist of her concern, which to the peruser, and the specialist, sounds ridiculus. There is a feeling of riddle and disarray, as the peruser can't appreciate why the lady won't let the specialist help the man she talks about until it is past the point of no return. Dickens makes the lady sound frantic and profoundly worried for the individual she discusses, yet he doesn't uncover why the lady won't let the specialist see he man. Tomorrow first thing he of whom I talk will be I know, however I would fain suspect something, past the scope of human guide; but then, today around evening time, however he is in destructive hazard, you should not and couldn't serve him. Dickens keeps on keeping the peruser confounded, not parting with the motivation behind why the specialist can't support the man, continually rehashing the way that he is going to kick the bucket before tomorrow, however he would not benefit from outside intervention until tomorrow. Dickens at that point gives a few prospects of why the man can't be seen, or helped until tomorrow. He does this to keep the peruser thinking and to keep them intrigued.

A-Level Exam Time May Change

A-Level Exam Time May Change The OE Blog The government has put forward a progressive scheme to alter the timing of A-level exams in order to allow pupils to apply to university using the grades they have actually achieved, rather than relying on ‘predicted grades’ as they do under the current system. Proponents of the scheme argue that it would result in a much fairer allocation of university places, particularly giving a better chance to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. However there are also some concerns about the impact the plans would have on sixth form education. On the surface the plan seems to make a great deal of sense â€" with our higher education system in turmoil following the introduction of raised tuition fees and the ever increasing demand for places, why not at least simplify the application procedure by selecting candidates on the basis of their actual achievements rather than vague and potentially biased predictions? Startling evidence shows that a much higher proportion of students from state schools and the most disadvantaged backgrounds actually out-perform the grades they are predicted, compared to private school pupils from better-off areas who are more likely to meet or miss their predicted achievements. However, university places are allocated on the basis of predictions, not concrete grades, and the short ‘adjustment’ window during which pupils have the opportunity to try and find a place at a more prestigious university on the basis of better-than-expected grades is far too short to provide a practical opportunity for alteration. Even George Turnbull, of the examinations division of qualifications watchdog Ofqual, claims that the ‘transfer window’ leaves too “little room for manoeuvre”. Universities Minister David Willetts agreed that the system must be “re-engineered” to allow places to be allocated on the basis of actual achievement rather than “speculative applications”. If it is truly the case that enabling students to apply after receiving their results would provide a fairer system to pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds, the scheme must be applauded, but there might also be an argument for simply adjusting the system of grade predictions so that theirs are brought into line with those of other students instead. Changing the timeline of the entire academic year seems a rather dramatic solution to a problem that might surely be more simply tackled at the source, by new guidelines and boundaries for grade predictions and closer monitoring and checking of the accuracy of teachers’ suggestions. Changing the entire academic system to bring A-level examinations early enough in the year to allow time for the results to be processed before applying to university would create many difficult problems as well as solving them. For a start it would leave a yawning gap in the second and third terms of the final A-level year when sixth form students would have nothing further to study, creating huge problems for schools who would have to invent pointless syllabus fillers or allow effective truancy. Furthermore there would be a discrepancy between the dates on which students would receive their results depending on examination boards, subjects and retakes, creating an unfair advantage for those who would be able to apply earlier than others. These problems might be solved in several ways â€" it could, for instance, be extremely useful to transform the final A-level term into an opportunity for apprenticeships or work experience to be undertaken, but such a dramatic change would take a great deal of planning and organisation. In the meantime it seems facetious not to ask why universities don’t simply use AS-level results as a fair indication of a student’s academic level. At this stage the government is merely considering proposing the changes as part of the upcoming white paper due to be published in the months to come, but a great deal more thought and debate would have to be put into fine-tuning the scheme if it were eventually to be put into practice.

A Philosophy Of Education Analysis Of The Meno And Protagoras

A Philosophy of Education Analysis of the Meno and Protagoras The method of questioning that Socrates utilizes in the Meno is a type of poetic tale that is meant to reveal the idea of intelligence existing in the soul before birth. This type of story defines the importance of using allegory or using geometric figures to prove that a slave had a previous memory of geometry without being educated by a teacher. These types of questions seek to expose the fraud of sophistry by encouraging students to have faith in their â€Å"inner soul†, since it has memory of all that it has learned in previous lives. Therefore, Socrates attempts the trick the listen into understanding his point of view through a â€Å"mythos† or poetic tale. More so, the question of teaching virtue is also extended into the Protagoras dialogue, which defined a relativistic accounting of knowledge as not being absolute. These are important aspects of teaching methods that define how the Platonic dialogue defines inborn knowledge and the absolute nature of virtue in the soul. In the Meno, it is important to understand the concept of â€Å"knowledge† because the underlying argument for absolute truth is put forth by Socrates in the dialogue. Plato believed in the soul’s ability to know an absolute truth, which was carried within the soul before, during and after the life of the individual. However, the sophists believed that truth and knowledge was relativistic, which was different for every person. Attempting toShow MoreRelatedCan Virtue Be Acquired? An Examination of the Laches, Meno and Protagoras2955 Words   |  12 PagesCan Virtue be Acquired? An Examination of the Laches, Meno, and Protagoras In the Socratic dialogues of Plato, Socrates often argues against the pretence of knowledge in his interlocutors. In the case of the Laches, Meno, and Protagoras dialogues, the pretence is the knowledge of virtue, among other things. The Laches seeks a definition of arà ªte (virtue), the Meno examines the teaching of virtue, and the Protagoras offers a known expert the chance to defend that virtue can, indeed, be taught. UsingRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Political Situation2648 Words   |  11 Pageshigh-ranking class as his father acted as a physician to the Macedonian royal family, resulting in Aristotle’s access to an exceptional education through private tuition. In this way, Aristotle is similar to Plato, as he had the foundations of a brilliant education across a vast range of subjects and so, in 367 BCE, he was consequently sent to Athens to study philosophy with Plato. However, although Plato was his tutor, Aristotle did not agree with everything he was taught abo ut language theory. In

Translating So to Spanish

So is one of those English words that has so many meanings that it can be translated to Spanish in dozens of ways. As such, it can be a confusing word for Spanish students — as a strategy when translating so, youre often better off thinking of a synonym for the way it is used and translating that instead. This lesson looks at a few of the ways so is used and suggests possible translations. In all cases, the translations used are not the only ones possible. Translating So as an Adverb Meaning Very Most of the time when so is used as an adverb meaning very it can be translated as tan. However, muy is sometimes acceptable as well. I was so happy that I jumped in the air. Yo era tan feliz que saltà © en aire.My love for you is so strong. Es tan fuerte mi amor por ti. (Alternative: Es muy fuerte my amor por ti.)He did it so poorly. Lo hizo tan mal. (Alternative: Lo hizo muy mal.)The city is so small that once you leave downtown theres nothing else. La ciudad es tan pequeà ±a que una vez que te sales del centro, ya no hay nada.Why is it so difficult for us to be happy?  ¿Por quà © es tan difà ­cil que seamos felices?The meat was so tasty that it needed only salt. La carne era tan rica que solo necesitaba sal.   Translating So in Approximations As the context requires, various ways of expressing approximations can be used when so is used for that purpose. I need to lose 20 pounds in two months or so. Necesito perder 20 libras en dos meses mà ¡s o menos.Im going to buy myself an aquarium holding 100 liters or so. Me voy a comprar un acuario de 100 litros aproximadamente.They stole about 20,000 pesos from her. Le robaron alrededor de 20 mil pesos. Translating So When It Indicates Causation A common use of so is to indicate why something is done. Various phrases of causation or purpose can be used. Often, such sentences cant be translated word for word — whats important is to get the proper connection between the different elements of the sentence. I will give you one so you dont forget me. Te darà © uno para que no me olvides.I was afraid, so I left. Me fui por miedo.I am innocent, so I am not going to go into hiding.  No me esconderà © porque soy inocente.Evil exists so we can appreciate what is good. El mal existe para que podamos apreciar lo que es bueno.There was violence, so many children were evacuated from the city. Muchos nià ±os fueron evacuados ciudad por causa de la violencia.  You can edit your digital photo so it seems like a painting. Podrà ¡s editar tu foto digital de modo que parezca una pintura. Translating So as a Transition or Filler Often, so can be left out of sentences without much of a change in meaning. In such cases, you can simply leave it out of the translation, or you can use a filler word such as pues or bueno if leaving out a word such as that would seem too abrupt. So, where are we going? Pues  ¿adà ³nde vamos?So now comes the best time of the year. Pues ahora llega la mejor à ©poca del aà ±o.So lets begin. Bueno, vamos a empezar.So what do you know?  ¿Quà © sabes? Translating So Meaning Also Usually, tambià ©n will work fine when translating so carrying meanings such as also or in addition: Youre from Texas? So am I!  ¿Eres de Tejas?  ¡Tambià ©n yo!I slept and so did they. Yo dormà ­ y tambià ©n ellos. Translating So in Set Phrases When so is used in various phrases or idioms, you can often translate the phrases as a whole for meaning, as in the following examples: The book has recipes for shakes of fruits such as apples, oranges, strawberries, kiwis and so on. El libro tiene recetas de batidos de frutas como las manzanas, naranjas, fresas, kiwis, etcà ©tera.Hes not a citizen. So what? No es ciudadano.  ¿Y quà ©?Every so often I imagine a good future. De cuando en cuando imagino un buen futuro.These are treated just so. Estos son tratados con sumo cuidado.I am going to buy raspberries, applies, blackberries, peras, strawberries, and so on. Voy a comprar frambuesas, manzanas, moras, peras, fresas, etcà ©tera.

Michael Phelps Free Essays

Michael Phelps was born in 6.30,1985 in Baltimore of the US. Unfortunatly, he got a very terrible and unhappy time in his childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Phelps or any similar topic only for you Order Now His parents always quarreled and quarreled. Little Michael felt so sad,so he put himself into the swimming pool. It seemed to be the only way for him to keep happy. When he was 15 ,Michael competed at the Sydeny Olympics. But the reault seemed a little disappointed. He didn’t win a medal. But he never gave up. After that,he swam every day,no Christmas,no New Year,even no brithdays. A famous saying goes†Where there is a will,there is a way. After 4 years training,he did a nice job in the Athens Olyimpics. He got 8 medals. And 6 of them are gold medals. Now he is one of the greatest swimmers in the world. I still remembered what he said after the Athens Olyimpics. He said â€Å"I don’t want to be Mark Spitz No. 2 ,I just want to be Michael Phelps No. 1. â€Å"Now he realized his dream. He won 8 gold medals in the Beijing Olyimpics. He broke the world records,he made the history. Of course he made him famous to the whole world. Stephen Hawking has ever said†Life is not fair,so you have to do the best in your own situation. â€Å"Michael sets a very good example to us. Or the dream factory has always been the high standard, the screen exquisite detail, vivid characters vivid, touching story twists and turns, the most important thing is it in the most simple and easy to understand that the way of a token, that is – there is no shortcut to the world and Cheats, the only winning Famen is believe in themselves. This film was absolutely amazing. I have spent hours re-watching various scenes and noticing all the perfection with which they are acted and directed. It’s not the violence or action sequences that make this movie so great (although they are well done†¦ ), but rather moments like where Mathilda knocks on Leon’s door. It would be so easy to just film the door opening, but instead we see light illuminating Natalie Portman’s face, symbolizing something angelic. And the moment has so much more meaning. How to cite Michael Phelps, Papers Michael Phelps Free Essays Michael Phelps Michael Phelps is a through and through true Olympian. He has amazing capabilities and has proven it many times. I would definitely call him a great athlete. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Phelps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michael Phelps stole the limelight through the best performances in Olympic history. In his early life Michael Phelps had already started his rise to the top. When Michael was born he had two sisters already in the sport of swimming which he entered very soon. â€Å"As a seven-year-old, he refused to put his face in the water. Not surprisingly, the first stroke he mastered would be the backstroke† (â€Å"JockBio† 1). He started training in the North Baltimore Aquatic Club under training of Coach Bob Bowman. Under this direction he entered the U. S. National B team in 1999. In his division he broke a record in the 200 meter butterfly, what is said to be his best stroke. â€Å"At Olympic tryouts he place 2nd and became the youngest swimmer to compete in Olympic history in 68 years† (â€Å"JockBio† 1) He was just 15 and was already competing with grown men and sometimes beating them. Michael Phelps was slow on land but fast in water. Very fast indeed. He competed in many tournaments and won wherever he went. In the 2004 he entered the Athens summer Olympics. He was trying for the illusive 7 gold medals in swimming, the record held by Mark Spitz but came up short with six gold and 2 bronze. Well he decided that wasn’t good enough so the next year he came back with a whopping 8 gold medals! â€Å"I think it’s probably one of the greatest things sport in general has ever seen,†(Crouse 1). â€Å"At Sunday’s start, the Person’s Republic of Michael would have ranked fourth in gold medals and been ahead of all but 14 countries in the medal count†(Crouse 1). Phelps dominated all the events he came swam in and brought home the greatest record known to swimming. Famous is an understatement for what Phelps became through the course of his swimming career. In every swim he competed in, he broke world records and astounded the crowds, judges, and even his competitors. â€Å"I just feel very privileged that I got to watch Michael Phelps win eight gold medals. That’s been the highlight of my Olympics† (Crouse 1). He just keeps going and doing what he came out to do. He swam to win and he did in every race he entered. â€Å"â€Å"Michael is doing what he’s doing,† she said, â€Å"and it kind of makes the rest of us look like if we don’t win a gold medal †¦ Hoff’s voice trailed off. †(Crouse 2). Even the other athletes felt they came up short or didn’t match up to the amazing feat he pulled off. He is a Phenomenon and a public character that is now one of the most influential people in the world for doing your best. It is safe to say that Michael Phelps is the best swimmer in Olympic his tory. He has proven it and will remain that way until another rises to greatness. He has taken the eyes of the world off of the rest of the Olympics and placed them on himself through his complete physical dominance a prowess. How to cite Michael Phelps, Essay examples

Lyric poem Essay Example For Students

Lyric poem Essay Autumn was written in the 19th Century by John Clark. It is a lyric poem with a rhyming scheme of a quatrain and a couplet and is a tribute to the month of Autumn intended to make us feel Autumn is the best month. It is in written in first person narrative which gives the poem a more personal feel as we are inside the consciousness of the poet. The title of the poem is straight to the point and tells us the poem is about Autumn. The first technique I can find is the personification of the wind in line one. It says the wind is a fitful gust, and the word fitful makes us imagine a healthy and strong, yet playful person, so it is comparing the wind to a healthy and strong, yet playful person. Also in this phrase there is the alliteration of the letter f. F is a very drawn out sounding letter which emphasizes the fitful nature of the wind. The next point of interest I can find is the way it says the wind takes the faded leaves from the glossy elm-tree. This implies that the wind is hard working, which is a contrast to the previous image we were given of it. This makes me think that the wind has both a playful and serious side, much like humans. Next it says the wind deposits the leaves with thousands of others down the lane. This reminds us of the summer, but also reminds us that it doesnt last and that it leaves Autumn to do all the clearing up. This makes us think that Autumn is a good season, while summer isnt. The next technique I can find is one the first line of stanza 2. The poet says he sees the shaking twig dance till the shut of eve. This is personification of the twig as a twig cannot dance. This again makes us feel that Autumn is a playful season. Then it says the sparrows chirp would make believe that spring was just now flirting by. This suggests a dreamlike quality, as if spring isnt a real month like autumn. Also in this quote is the phrase flirting by. This makes it seem as if Spring is just like a flirt, not really serious. This again makes us believe that spring isnt a serious month and that autumn is better. Next it says hat spring is going to lie in summers lap. This makes it seem as if Spring and Summer are both lazy months and arent hard working like Autumn. The next point of interest I can find is on the third stanza. It says the poet sees the cottage smoke curl upwards through the trees. This is a very good description and it allows you to visualise the scene. After this, I cannot find any literary techniques until the first line of the fourth stanza. That line contains the phrase The feather from the ravens breast. The raven is a symbol of death and decline and as such it tells us what to expect from the following stanza. I find it to be highly effective, though it is very subtle. Next it says the acorns fall from the tree. This again makes us feel that the end of autumn is coming, though the acorns make us believe that everything will be renewed. This hope is stopped on the next line though, as it says the grunting pigs eat the acorns. This closes the poem with a very effective sense of finality.  This poem is quite effective in conveying that autumn is a good month as it uses a good variety of literary techniques in most of the poems to get the point across. The lack of techniques in the third stanza does let it down somewhat though. Also, I found the ending to be very effective as it was a great contrast with the rest of the poem which contained so much life.

Herpes Essays - RTT, Purines, Herpes, , Term Papers

Herpes Herpes is the number 1 STD in the World. At least seven herpes viruses are in the world today. The most common viruses are Herpes Simplex 1 and 2. Other types are Epstein-Barr virus(EBV), Varicella Zoster Virus(VZV), which also causes Chicken Pox and Shingles, Cytomegalovirus(CMV), And Human Herpes Virus(HHV). Also, there are lots of herpes viruses for animals. Most of these are not infectious towards humans. Herpes is spreading at a rate of 1/2 million people a year. 1 in 6 adults have the virus. Herpes is spread only by direct contact. If you have herpes somewhere on your body, it won't show up anywhere else, unless you touch the active virus and then touch another part of the body or someone else's body. Herpes can also be carried in saliva. It can be transmitted from and open sore. Herpes can be spread during vaginal, anal, and oral sex with someone with the active virus. During childbirth, a mother can give it to her baby. The herpes virus is an icosahedral capsid surrounded by an envelope. It's diameter is approximately 100nm. This contains the dsDNA genome. This envelope will break open and release the negatively stained virions into the body causing herpes. Symptoms of the virus show up between 1-30 days after having sex. Sometimes people don't even have any symptoms. The symptoms are Flu-like feelings, itching or burning, painful blisters on the sex organs or mouth. These blisters will last 1-3 weeks. Even if the blisters do go away you will still have the herpes virus, there is no cure. The blisters may come back. Even though there is no cure for herpes there are some treatments. Some of forms of treatments are prescription drugs, herbal remedies, Cold sore treatments, nutritional changes, vitamins, psychotherapy, etc. There are other drugs that help to reduce the severity, frequency of occurrences, and the duration of herpes. These drugs are Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, and Famciclovir. Acyclovir has been around now for about 13 years. Herpes is a very serious issue for many people. It is annoying, aggravating, and inconvenient. It is not a fun thing to be involved with and is very common. If you have herpes you are not alone there are many other people who have this virus, and anyone can receive it. So be careful and don't be caught with Herpes. Bibliography 1. http://members.aol.com/herpesite/index.html#info 2. http://www.utc.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/herpes.html 3. http://www.pps.co.uk/ihmf/ihmf0009.htm 4. STD Facts Brochure.

About the United States Congress - Overview

About the United States Congress - Overview The Congress of the United States was created by Article I, section 1, of the Constitution, adopted by the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787, providing that All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. The first Congress under the Constitution met on March 4, 1789, in the Federal Hall in New York City. The membership then consisted of 20 Senators and 59 Representatives. New York ratified the Constitution on July 26, 1788, but did not elect its Senators until July 15 and 16, 1789. North Carolina did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789; Rhode Island ratified it on May 29, 1790. The Senate is composed of 100 Members, 2 from each State, who are elected to serve for a term of 6 years. Senators were originally chosen by the State legislatures. This procedure was changed by the 17th Amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1913, which made the election of Senators a function of the people. There are three classes of Senators, and a new class is elected every 2 years. The House of Representatives comprises 435 Representatives. The number representing each State is determined by population, but every state is entitled to at least one Representative. Members are elected by the people for 2-year terms, all terms running for the same period. Both the Senators and the Representatives must be residents of the State from which they are chosen. In addition, a Senator must be at least 30 years of age and must have been a citizen of the United States for at least 9 years; a Representative must be at least 25 years of age and must have been a citizen for at least 7 years. [Â  How Much Do Members of Congress Really Make? ] A Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico (elected for a 4-year term) and Delegates from American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands complete the composition of the Congress of the United States. Delegates are elected for a term of 2 years. The Resident Commissioner and Delegates may take part in the floor discussions but have no vote in the full House or in the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. They do, however, vote in the committees to which they are assigned. Officers of CongressThe Vice President of the United States is the Presiding Officer of the Senate; in his absence the duties are taken over by a President pro tempore, elected by that body, or someone designated by him. The Presiding Officer of the House of Representatives, the Speaker of the House, is elected by the House; he may designate any Member of the House to act in his absence. The positions of Senate majority and minority leader have been in existence only since the early years of the 20th century. Leaders are elected at the beginning of each new Congress by a majority vote of the Senators in their political party. In cooperation with their party organizations, leaders are responsible for the design and achievement of a legislative program. This involves managing the flow of legislation, expediting noncontroversial measures, and keeping Members informed regarding proposed action on pending business. Each leader serves as an ex officio member of his partys policymaking and organizational bodies and is aided by an assistant floor leader (whip) and a party secretary. [Â  How to Write Effective Letters to Congress ] The House leadership is structured essentially the same as the Senate, with the Members in the political parties responsible for the election of their respective leader and whips. The Secretary of the Senate, elected by vote of the Senate, performs the duties of the Presiding Officer of the Senate in the absence of the Vice President and pending the election of a President pro tempore. The Secretary is the custodian of the seal of the Senate, draws requisitions on the Secretary of the Treasury for moneys appropriated for the compensation of Senators, officers, and employees, and for the contingent expenses of the Senate, and is empowered to administer oaths to any officer of the Senate and to any witness produced before it. The Secretarys executive duties include certification of extracts from the Journal of the Senate; the attestation of bills and joint, concurrent, and Senate resolutions; in impeachment trials, issuance, under the authority of the Presiding Officer, of all orders, mandates, writs, and precepts authorized by the Senate; and certification to the President of the United States of the advice and consent of the Senate to ratification of treaties and the names of persons confirmed or rejected upon the nomination of the President. The Sergeant at Arms of the Senate is elected by and serves as the Executive Officer of that body. He directs and supervises the various departments and facilities under his jurisdiction. He is also the Law Enforcement and Protocol Officer. As Law Enforcement Officer, he has statutory power to make arrests; to locate absentee Senators for a quorum; to enforce Senate rules and regulations as they pertain to the Senate Chamber, the Senate wing of the Capitol, and the Senate Office Buildings. He serves as a member of the Capitol Police Board and as its chairman each odd year; and, subject to the Presiding Officer, maintains order in the Senate Chamber. As Protocol Officer, he is responsible for many aspects of ceremonial functions, including the inauguration of the President of the United States; arranging funerals of Senators who die in office; escorting the President when he addresses a Joint Session of Congress or attends any function in the Senate; and escorting heads of state when they visit the Senate. The elected officers of the House of Representatives include the Clerk, the Sergeant at Arms, the Chief Administrative Officer, and the Chaplain. The Clerk is custodian of the seal of the House and administers the primary legislative activities of the House. These duties include: accepting the credentials of the Members-elect and calling the Members to order at the commencement of the first session of each Congress; keeping the Journal; taking all votes and certifying the passage of bills; and processing all legislation. Through various departments, the Clerk is also responsible for floor and committee reporting services; legislative information and reference services; the administration of House reports pursuant to House rules and certain legislation including the Ethics in Government Act and the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995; the distribution of House documents; and administration of the House Page Program. The Clerk is also charged with supervision of the offices vacated by Members due to death, resignation, or expulsion. Clerk of the HouseThe Sergeant at Arms maintains the order of the House under the direction of the Speaker and is the keeper of the Mace. As a member of the U.S. Capitol Police Board, the Sergeant at Arms is the chief law enforcement officer for the House and serves as Board Chairman each even year. The ceremonial and protocol duties parallel those of the Senate Sergeant at Arms and include arranging the inauguration of the President of the United States, Joint Sessions of Congress, visits to the House of heads of state, and funerals of Members of Congress. The Sergeant at Arms enforces the rules relating to the privileges of the Hall of the House, including admission to the galleries, oversees garage and parking security of the House, and distributes all House staff identification cards. Congressional CommitteesThe work of preparing and considering legislation is done largely by committees of both Houses of Congress. There are 16 standing committees in the Senate and 19 in the House of Representatives. The standing committees of the Senate and the House of Representatives can be viewed from the links below. In addition, there are select committees in each House (one in the House of Representatives), and various congressional commissions and joint committees composed of Members of both Houses. Each House may also appoint special investigating committees. The membership of the standing committees of each House is chosen by a vote of the entire body; members of other committees are appointed under the provisions of the measure establishing them. Each bill and resolution is usually referred to the appropriate committee, which may report a bill out in its original form, favorably or unfavorably, recommend amendments, report original measures, or allow the proposed legisla tion to die in committee without action.

Better Acquisition Planning and Contracts Term Paper

Better Acquisition Planning and Contracts - Term Paper Example DHS, HHS and NASA preferred proper implementation of policies to ease their work. Moreover, the three departments adopted the need to establish a proper time frame. The three agencies: HHS, DHS and NASA, as well as, USAID developed policies, which formulated various different necessities and levels of supervision for the acquisition planning that was aimed at providing a balance between oversight and time and organizational load. Together, HHS, DHS and NASA opted for a written acquisition plans that were closely related to the fundamentals contained and defined in the federal acquisition regulation. All the departments and agencies were required to have all their cost approximation and obligations ready during acquisition planning; its aim was to ensure that time consumption and operational costs were minimized. However, NASA and DHS guidance considered the inclusion of essential lessons learned and new skills acquired from the past contracts they have been involved in the acquisitio n planning. In contrast, the three agencies have established differing conditions on the acquisition planning, for example, the individuals to carry out reviews of the documents (Compton, 2010). Implementation of the policies established under the acquisition planning took varying approaches. ... DHS, on the other hand, stated that the acquisition plans did not provide for acquisitions, for example, urgent situations, acts that had been integrated in an earlier plan already approved or procurements carried out within the mandate of Small Business Research Program (SBRP). NASA, just like HHS stated that acquisition plans did not provide room for un-sourced for proposals. NASA also confirmed their wish that architect-engineering services and research from nongovernmental organizations should not be included in the acquisition plans. Basing on the dollar awards, DHS, HHS and NASA had different requirements for different levels of grant. DHS viewed that it was essential to have vital information stored in an advanced Acquisition database for all rewards valued below $10 million. DHS proposed that failure to include the information in a database, a written acquisition plan had to be prepared. NASA opted for meetings on procurement strategy, which was aimed at establishing the way forward for awards below $10 million. The main agenda of the meeting was to look for approval of their proposal (Compton, 2010). HHS and NASA required that written acquisitions be provided for contracts that were way higher than the expectation of the agency; HHS demanded written documents for contracts above $500,000, while NASA opted for documents for any value of $10 million and above. Several elements are essential in an acquisition planning that includes cost, time, need and lessons learned from past contracts. It is very crucial to ensure that proper cost estimations are made so that the awards can cover the proposed use. The organization requesting for grants should work in collaboration with other stakeholders so that they can coordinate the process. The

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analysis Paper - Essay Example A powerful research study, namely â€Å"Stress Tolerance: New Challenges for Millennial College Students† has been selected for studying thoroughly on this subject-matter before drawing conclusions. This essay was written in June 2012 collectively by four authors: Helen W. Bland, Bridget F. Melton, Paul Welle and Lauren Bigham. The authors deliver the idea therein that relatively newer generations have poor control and tolerance against stress and eventually they engage themselves in avoidance and denial strategies that are damaging for their welfare. The authors have targeted the college students of millennial generations, their families and their mentors who play a pivotal role in personal and professional development of students. I strongly believe that although stress might not be of severe degree as depicted by this article, still considerable amount of trauma is faced by these teenagers and thus measures need to be taken to help them overcome these obstacles. This stud y presents concrete arguments for its thesis and has proved to be highly effective for my research, providing me with extensive literature material and fruitful research benefits. This article entails possible causes for stress, found in college students, alongwith potential solutions to overcome it as it poses severe psychological and physical threats to sensitive youngsters during their critical ages. It concludes that millennial generations bear adverse characteristics and indulge in unproductive activities to fight stress. My perception revolves more or less around the same grounds as those exhibited by the authors of article in focus. The major part of thesis supported by authors is in line with my personal dissertation regarding this subject-matter: college students desperately need to be more trained to learn coping strategies that shall prove to be helpful for them, in their couple of years spent while studying for an undergraduate degree, to excel at pressure-handling and stress-busting tools and techniques. The essay selected is persuasive and effective in most of the arguments presented except for few areas where authors have made controversial claims, contradictory to my beliefs. They have been discussed in the following paragraphs: The opening section of the selected article contains an expression stating â€Å"college years have been considered as one of the most stressful times in a person's life† (Bland et al. 362). The above statement is highly subjective and prejudiced to personal experiences and mindsets. The authors are of the view that college life represents one of the most traumatic periods. On the contrary, the masses believe college life to be one of the most memorable periods of life spent in leisure, with no responsibilities and tension. I strongly believe that the later parts of human lives are far more stressful than college days due to pressure to earn a livelihood and survive in the competitive world. In spite of some powerful notions presented by authors, the exaggerated aspects of the essay weaken their position. The minor degree of academic stress and pressures to meet expectations can, on the other hand, prove out to be positive energy (known as eu-stress) for the students to work hard and perform well. Similarly, the limitations paragraph clearly states, â€Å"Since the participants were solicited from a medium-size university in the southeastern portion of the United States, the results of the study may not be representative of all college millennials†

Macro And Micro Environment Analysis Of Ford Motors

Macro And Micro Environment Analysis Of Ford Motors Introduction Ford Motor Company (Ford) is the largest automotive manufacturers in the world, operating in 200 markets across six continents. The brand includes Ford, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury and Volvo. Ford also sells luxury sport car Aston Martin. The company primarily based in the US and Europe and employs 246,000 people as on Dec 2007. The goal of Ford is to build products that are immensely desirable so that they get profit. They also do this by increasing number of new product from around the world. On 2007 fiscal year, the company recorded $172,455 mill revenue, increase of 7.7% over 2006. But however, the net loss was $2723 mill in 2007, compared to $12,613 mill in 2006, with operating profit of $5631 mill in 2007 as comparison of $8,190 mill in 2006( datamonitor). Macro and Micro Environment Analysis Industry Analysis: Overall the industry is segmented by the type of vehicles; Motorcycles 5.8%, Passengers cars 69.5% and light truck 24.7%. The faces tough competition with Daimler, Chryster AG, Fiat, General Motor, Honda, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Suzuki. In which Ford motor company has the market share of 9.4% ( datamonitor, 2009). The industry fluctuated over 2004-2007 affected by global economic downturn and declined in 2008. However, the performance is predicted to accelerate with compound annual growth rate of 4.4% for 5 yr period of 2008-2013 to a value of $1,831 billion by end of 2013. Despite US Govt. providing billions of dollars to Fords rival GM and Chrysler, Ford is OK with the situation. Despite its loss in 2008 and dwindling cash supply, Ford is widely expressed in media as financially stable  [1]  . PEST Analysis: Political: The Company has to go with rules and regulations formulated by the government such as CO2 Tailpipe Regulation. Companies get respect from government for powered IWO wheelers. Ford has to go through the European Union vehicle approval. Economic: Depression hits the Automobile industry. Ford, GM and Chrysler face problem in this situation. Factors such as Central London congestion charge, call to become all gas guzzlers , European union reduced pollution certificate and London low emission zone affect the manufacturing of the Ford cars. Social: There has been growth in road traffic slowing. Society is concerned with more green cars to be sold. Road safety for everyone should be considered by Ford. Technology: New technologies like using bio-fuels and digital radio should be considered. Ford has invested in car safety. Similarly, Ford also invested in CO2 reducing technology. SWOT Analysis: The companys strong brand portfolio gives it a competitive advantage. Strengths: Ford has a strong brand portfolio and engineering capabilities. Ford has wide network of distributors and dealers and high employee productivity. Ford operates in an industry which has customer who highly value brands who believe strong portfolio of established brand gives competitive advantage which helps in brand equity. This helps in launching new product range and penetrating in new automobile markets. Weaknesses: Ford faces continued decline in market share in US from 20.5 % in 2003 to 15.6% in 2007 similarly in UK 19.5% (0.3% down from previous year in 2006). This was due to increased competition, industry moving away from traditionally stronger segment, reduced vehicle sales, daily rental companies, and discontinuation of companys vehicle lines. Likewise Ford got 3 complaints on leaking fuel or oil ignition. Several product recalls inadequate quality assurance and quality control system and declining operating efficiency and weak returns (datamonitor). Opportunities: Ford Company has the opportunity to expand in India and China. Company launches new models often now and then according to the choices of customers. They can produce hybrid vehicles. They face increasing demand of dual fuel vehicle. Threats: The profitability of the business relies on performance of the economy in which the company operates. If EU and US shows economic slowdown continuously the companys business will face negative impact. Similarly, sluggish light vehicle produced in the developed market also acts as a threat. The company also need to consider EU vehicle regulations. Porters Five Forces Analysis: Buyers in the automotive industry are large with significant financial power. Buyers power of dealers is affected by brand strength of top market players. An increase in raw materials costs put pressure in both market players and suppliers. Barriers of government regulations high fixed costs exit barrier puts new entrants into difficulties. Competition arises as a result of economic downturn. Buyer Power: Buyers in this industry have financial strength, if its high, they can make large purchase and put pressure to reduce prices. But Brand strength weakens buyer power. Retailers like distributor have one market player and thus buyer power is reduced. Overall the buyer power is moderate. Supplier Power: Supplier of raw material, assembled and semi assembled, energy like- steel, aluminium. The power of suppliers is strengthened further by the necessities of the automobile industry requirement of raw materials of high quality. Reliance of supplier is minimized by different companies. The power over all is moderate. New Entrants: Small firms are unlikely to enter in this industry which needs intellectual property. Entry is further made difficult by getting distribution channels. Similarly, company has to meet government requirements and invest on continuous development. The threat is moderate. Substitute: Used cars acts as substitutes. However, affordable power diminishes used cars. Awareness of environmental issues and climate change might lead people to walk, cycle and use public transport. The companies are making hybrid( petrol, electric) cars. Overall the threat is weak. Rivalry: Competition in this industry remains fierce, among the top 4 market players 38% of market value. Toyota, GM , Daimler and Ford. High fixed price exit barriers raw materials costs lead to unpredictable production costs and post pressure on market players. Most company produce diverse range of cars .The rivalry is very strong. Marketing strategy option for Ford Motors Social Responsibility and Ethical Marketing Communication: Ford emphasises on being a good corporate citizen, by focusing on the global community by understanding envirionmental issues and investing on people. Similarly, organise programmes to promote tolerance and equal opportunities and support social and environmental protection programmes. In 2006, Ford was the first automotive manufacturer to produce dedicated hydrogen fuel V-10 engines. (datamonitor). Ford introduces new vehicles which offer fuel economy and reduced environmental impact. In Britain, from April 2009, the government encourage the manufacturer to produce cleaner cars, and Ford should adopt the policy and motivate customers to opt for least polluting cats  [2]  . In short- run, they focus on clean diesel engines, hybrids, flexible fuel vehicle ethanol vehicles and turbo charged direct injection Eco Boast- Superior performance, which provide 20 % better fuel economy, 15% fewer CO2 emissions. In the long run Ford has invested in plug in hybrids, fuel cells, hydrogen internal combustion engines, advanced technology. Ford believes that these are right and responsible things which would give customers better goods. Target Markets and Segmentations: Ford has broken down its diverse markets into two manageable segments, Financial and Automotive services. Inside these more segments on geographic and organisational structure. Similarly Ford attracts younger demographic. Automotive: Ford segments its customers based on the car types- passenger cars, trucks, buses and vans, sports vehicles, accessories, after sale parts, maintenance and vehicle repair services. This business division consists of design, development, manufacture, sale and service of trucks, cars and service parts. Hence make small, medium, large and premium ranges. This segment is further divided into geographically, Ford North America, Ford South America, Ford Europe, Premier Automotive group, ford Asia Pacific and Africa Mazda. Each has their own manufacturing process, like- Ford North America- design, develop, manufacture and service vehicle ad parts. They have servicing as maintenance and light repair, collision, vehicle accessories and service warranty. Financing Service Segments: These include financing products to and through automotive dealers. Three categories- retail financing, purchase retail instalment sale contracts and retail lease contract from dealers and offering financing to commercial customers. Similarly, they offer loans to dealers to finance the purchase of vehicle inventory. External marketing communication: Ford develops advertising, sales promotion, sponsorship and merchandising programs  [3]  . Fords advertising policy is do best by building and selling the most innovative cars and trucks  [4]  . Ford adopted Bold Moves campaign, a form of transparent marketing( via webisodes , the assessment of past and present performances), emotional appeals (interview with employees) and product oriented work with an emphasis on drivers than steel metal. Ford has done Sync campaigns  [5]  which deals with TV and radio commercials, print and online advertisement, a promotional tone and dealership training which targets Black and Hispanic consumers. Chris Brown appeal young urban consumers. Give radio commercials Online sync with chrisbrown.com- launched Nov 12, 2007. Columbian Rocker Jaunes Multicultural marketing communications Emphasis on digital promotion. Ford adopts mantra of Change or Die which has reached the parent company of its largest advertising agencies  [6]  . The company hires best talented employees, consultants and contract workers, who are devoted to administrative, media and band experience service. Using ad agencies for delivery would promote the most stunning product. Mark Fields, Fords President of America, focus on customers needs and brands. Ford spends $757.5 million to advertising in US media on 2005. Automakers like Ford, GM are the biggest budget cutters in media and advertising. Ford cut their spending on Hispanic media more deeply in fourth quarter which feel 31.2% last year to $46 .7 million, but according to RNS it is still continuing a long tradition as the executive car sponsor for Univision blockbuster Sabado Ginate show. In April 4, in this show the Host Francisco drive the new 2010 ford Fusion to the studio and hosted Ford Fusion game to give away a new car to a winner in the studio audience  [7]  . In UK, Ford sponsors events like UEFA champions- football tournaments and charities. They sponsor various events and organisations from family fantasy, Disneyland Paris to 60 year old musical and military prowess, the Edinbrugh Tattoo. The sponsorship focus on all the target markets form children to elderly, which shows that company is building image in the community as a form of goodwill for the company itself. Recently Ford Company launched Ford Focus, the commercial is beautifully made. The Ford Focus Orchestra- in which musicians are shown playing the instrument made from the real car parts. The main aim of this advertisement is to show customers that all the car parts are important and has best quality. The journey made with this car would never make you feel long with the experience of comfort cabin with striking exterior and improved technology. Primary Survey Analysis: Customers: As research done on the customers of Ford Cars, most customers are influenced by friends and family. They are likely to buy cars which are recommended by peers. Thus company can focus on giving best service and product to all target customers and also positive word of mouth communication (message is transmitted from the sender to many receivers, Pickton and Broderik). Similarly, customers look after the style and comfort of the cars, like size- 4 wheelers, small for single individual. What they look for is the use of cars like vans, trucks and their storage, capacity, fuel, engine, warranty. So, what Ford needs to understand is the needs and wants of the customers. Likewise, customers are influenced by the advertisement in the cars and magazines. Advertisements which use celebrities are likely to influence more customers. Ford uses cars in James Bond movies, science fiction drama Fringe  [8]  . Ford can adopt celebrity endorsement, using celebrity as a spokes person for project (Pickton and Broderick). Customers are also influenced by the established brand name. They look after the brand loyalty and its strength in the market (Allan K). Sales person influence the most when customers visit showrooms, the form of direct marketing- persuading and informing customers at the spot. Therefore, Ford can invest in best customer service personnel and give training to employees. Recommendations Klara Roberts argues that even though all the promotional activities Ford have done so far, will not help sales grow  [9]  . There are more marketing communications mix (internet advertising, direct marketing and e- commerce, sales promotions, sponsorship etc.) to be adopted to communicate directly with target markets (Seminik R. J.). Managing Corporate Identity: Ford can maintain the image of being dynamic, goal- orientated, attention-getting, active and pioneering .According to the Chris Fill, 2002, Ford has many stakeholders and small corporate gap and hence can adopt incremental process in maintaining this gap. Similarly, Ford should try to be a good corporate citizen, by managing corporate identity among various stakeholders, like- employees, local community and government. All the promotional and marketing activities done by the companies are based on maintaining corporate image. Push Promotional Strategy: Ford can adopt this strategy, a form of promotional effort by the manufacturer or suppliers to encourage trade channel members to promote and sell their products (Pickton and Broderick). Sales forces, internal part of communication, can be targeted as the main form of push strategy. Pull Promotional Strategy: Ford can also adopt pull strategy, a form of promotional effort to end customers and consumers to demand more by adding benefits and other activities (Pickton and Broderick). Such as discount promotion- a process of discounting the price for the product so that customers are encouraged to buy however this involves financial aspects (Hans and Duncan) . Similarly, they can improve on their weaknesses to minimize product recall and improve product efficiency which adds benefits. Relationship Marketing: Ford can put its emphasis on relationship marketing, between various stakeholders. They can focus on delivering more to the target customers by being more specific. As researched on the consumers, they are affected by the positive word of mouth marketing. Ford should focus on customer relationship management (positive communication and long term customer relationship management, Hans and Duncan). Even though they give services like financing, service and maintenance, they can add more features like style and safety. Brand Strategy: Most customers considers brand before making purchase decision. What Ford can invest in establish long term brand image by using more of communications mix which are explained further. This will help as a source of competitive advantage and create entry barrier. Brand strategy helps in improving the product by introducing innovative technology (Semenik). Similarly, Ford can also look for brand future, by adjusting in future changes in legislation, technology consumer patterns (Pickton and Broderick). Business 2 Business Marketing: This form of marketing acts as a lead generator, brand awareness and relationship development. If Ford fails to recognize the trade customers, they looses the first line customers. The agencies should change their cultures break down barriers and generate new marketing initiatives and creative ad content. Promotional Mix/ Intergrating Marketing Communication Mix: Analysing Ford Company, we can see that they have adopted various forms of promotional mix such as advertising, sponsorship. However, they can invest more on these factors and decide on what to adopt ( Kotler and Keller). Advertising Expenditure: Ford can also expend on intermedia (options for deciding media such as cinema, TV, press posters, magazines etc). Ford can target TV commercials (Ford Orchestra) as lots of people see TV everyday during free period. Buying a car is high involvement product where more risk is involved in buying decision (Hierarchy of Effects Model). People look for the best advertisement and are influenced by the positive aspects of commercials. Thus Ford could be more focused on creative advertising procedures. Public Relations: Ford can make an effort in this field by having sound relations with employees during the time of redundancy and closure, which is happening at the current economic downturn. Similarly, Ford can invest in ethical marketing, doing best for the public, like donations, conserving environment. All these helps in dealing with the negative publicity and crisis management and develop to make the corporate image (Pickton and Broderick) and helps brand signatures( Kotler and Keller). Internet Advertising: In Sept. 2008, Google was criticised for charging companies like Ford, for their share of profit in return of internet advertising  [10]  . There are various negative consequences that are faced by company in internet advertising such as fraud and scam. However, Ford can invest in internet advertising through websites which acts as an agent for the car companies. Personal Selling and Sales Management: As a research done on the customers, they are influenced by the presentation of customer service advisors. Similarly, the role of distributor is very important as they act as the main source to deal with the sales and marketing effort (Pickton and Broderick). Future Marketing communications: The form of media is always changing. The generation of use of media depends on the innovation and technology ( Broderick and Pickton). Firstly, there was a use of newspapers, then radio, television and internet. Future is based on the electronic marketing, known as ecommerce. Ford needs to go along with the change in media adaptation by the consumer and thus invest in communication via such medium.

Fall of Berlin Wall

Ashley McCutcheon 2nd 10-27-12 The fall of the berlin wall as a turning point in history 1. â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall (Part 2). † About. com 20th Century History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . This article describes that the berlin wall was put up to divide between the west and east, which were democracy vs. communism at that point. Then later on the communist wanted a subtle change where as the german citizens did not agree, they wanted all of it ended.During 1988 and 1989 communism still weakened in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, then on the 9th of November in 1989, east german officials made a call to open the gates ultimately giving a sort of freedom to the people. 2. â€Å"Fall of Communism. † Fall of Communism. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . This article is helpful, because it explains an outcome of the berlin wall falling which was that communism also fell as resultant.Citizens gained power leading to reforms in the east and thus th e government decided to try different ways of ruling the people in order to make an attempt at saving communism. Eventually communism officially fell in 1991 when Gorbachev was forced to give power to Boris Yeltsin who diminished communism. 3. Goldenberg, Phyllis. â€Å"The Fall of the Berlin Wall: A Personal Account. † The Fall of the Berlin Wall. N. p. , 1994. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . In this article, a personal account of how the event affected the people of berlin is presented. Phyllis Golden burg, a middle aged man living in Denmark, describes how him, among his friends and many others traveled from their homes to go see the Berlin wall after hearing of its supposed removal. The wall was being torn down by everyone and people were pouring through to the other side, a sort of revolution like no other could be.

Daignosis of Pi in Life of Pi Essay

Piscine Molitor Patel, after floating on the ocean for 227 days, was discovered exhausted and pale. There is no abnormalities in vital signs discovered, which indicates that with proper cares and rest, his body will function well. In spite of his physical health, his mental health should be particularly examined in detail. Without precedent case, more details and aspects should be included to consider, when evaluating if Pi is suitable to integrate to society again. Furthermore, since the incredible survival is told by Pi in first person point of view, we have reason to take a skeptical attitude on the truth of the story. It is best to present both pros and cons before jumping into the judgment. Regarding the opinion of pi developing an even stronger personality, evidences are obvious. The survival fully proves that Pi kept wisdom and logic under such terrible condition. Being with the fiercest animals and floating on the ocean for 227 days, most people can not suffer the mental pressure, and collapse even before they get to land. People are defeated by loneliness, desperation and mental disorder caused by physical illness. Pi is not one of them. Base on the fact that he not only survived but also is able to tell and remember the whole experience, it is unquestionable that Pi went through the hardship with an active and positive attitude. He himself even claimed that â€Å"with time and experience, I became a better hunter. I grew bolder and more agile. I developed an instinct, a feel, for what to do. (Chapter66)† In addition, Pi thought about helping others in the future, while his own destiny was still a mystery. In Chapter 71, he provided nine advices for those who should ever be in the same circumstance as he did. It suggests that Pi was sober enough to even consider contributing back to the society in the future. Although Pi underwent miseries and adversity, he overcame all the challenges and developed a stronger personality to face the life in modern society. Nevertheless, more worries and suspicions are discovered. Pi will face the grief of losing the whole family, which he ignored due to the desire for survival. Meanwhile, he also has to envisage the fact that being a vegetarian; he committed the unpardonable crime, killing animals. Moreover, aking into the consideration of mental disorder; some parts of the dictation would be doubted as psychological disorder, such as delusional disorder. To begin with, when he saw the death of zebra, it reminds him again of his family’s death. He was over whelmed when he mourned his family, as he said â€Å"It is like losing—I’m sorry, I would rather not go on. I lay down on the tarpaulin and spent the whole night weeping and grieving, my face hurried in my arms. (Chpater46)† Losing family is hard and cruel to accept. When he was on the boat, life was on the top of the list. However when he came back to modern society, without accompany, the horrible memory would torture him to death. To make the situation even worse, Pi still held hope that his family somehow is alive when he saw the ship. Hope collapses when he discovers the truth. Not only he has to face the fact that everyone he loved and loved him dead, but also, he as a vegetarian inevitably has to confess his guilty of killing animals. No matter whether he keeps being a vegetarian or not, Pi suffers from repentance and ambivalence. After getting used to kill, he repented by saying â€Å"To think that when I was a child I always shuddered when I snapped open a banana because it sounded to me like the breaking of an animal’s neck. I descended to a level of savagery. † When Pi returns to modern society, how should he persist what he used to believe? Above all, according to the dictation of Pi, he suffered from the illness during the drifting; it is likely that Pi developed delusional disorder. When Pi cheered for the appearance of a ship, he blazed with joy. However the ship missed them and even bore down on them. It is had to believe that such conspicuous lifeboat could be missed as there was a tiger on it. As people lost in desert see mirage, Pi might also saw the ship because his desire for survival was so strong that it drove him crazy temporarily. Based on the diagnosis criteria of delusional disorder, â€Å"Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre. †(1), we suggest that Pi take a series of examination to determine whether he is mentally healthy. As was previously stated, such experience with no doubt is a life-changing experience. Although adversity stiffened his spine, Pi’s psychological health was unconsciously devastated. The sudden change of environment would result in the failure of self recognition. His formal value of life was destroyed during the disaster. However he himself also can not accept the way of life in wild. We conclude that bring Pi back to society requires a series of procedures and treatment. With proper Psychological counseling, Pi would be able to reconstruct his life and value, until then, we do not suggest Pi get back to society immediately.

Genealogy in France How to Research Your French Ancestry

If you are one of those people who have avoided delving into your French ancestry due to fears that the research would be too difficult, then wait no more! France is a country with excellent genealogical records, and it is very likely that you will be able to trace your French roots back several generations once you understand how and where the records are kept. Where are the Records? To appreciate the French record-keeping system, you must first become familiar with its system of territorial administration. Prior to the French Revolution, France was divided into provinces, now known as regions. Then, in 1789, the French revolutionary government reorganized France into new territorial divisions called dà ©partements. There are 100 departments in France - 96 within the borders of France, and 4 overseas (Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, and Rà ©union). Each of these departments has its own archives that is separate from those of the national government. Most French records of genealogical value are kept at these departmental archives, so it is important to know the department in which your ancestor lived. Genealogical records are also kept at local town halls (mairie). Large towns and cities, such as Paris, are often further divided into arondissements - each with its own town hall and archives. Where to Start? The best genealogical resource to start off your French family tree is the registres dà ©tat-civil (records of civil registration), which mostly date from 1792. These records of birth, marriage, and death (naissances, mariages, dà ©cà ¨s) are held in registries at the La Mairie (town hall/mayors office) where the event took place. After 100 years a duplicate of these records is transferred to the Archives Dà ©partementales. This country-wide system of record keeping allows for all information on a person to be collected in one place, as the registers include wide page margins for additional information to be added at the time of later events. Therefore, a birth record will often include a notation of the individuals marriage or death, including the location where the said event took place. The local mairie and the archives both also maintain duplicates of the decennial tables (starting in 1793). A decennial table is basically a ten-year alphabetical index to births, marriages, and deaths which have been registered by the Mairie. These tables give the day of registration of the event, which is not necessarily the same date that the event took place. Civil registers are the most important genealogical resource in France. Civil authorities began registering births, deaths, and marriages in France in 1792. Some communities were slow at putting this into motion, but soon after 1792 all individuals who lived in France were recorded. Because these records cover the entire population, are easily accessible and indexed, and cover people of all denominations, they are crucial to French genealogy research. Records of civil registration  are typically held in registries in local town halls (mairie). Copies of these registries are deposited each year with the local magistrates court and then, when they are 100 years old, are placed in the archives for the towns Department. Due to privacy regulations, only records over 100 years old may be consulted by the public. It is possible to obtain access to the more recent records, but you will generally be required to prove, through the use of birth certificates, your direct descent from the person in question. Birth, death, and marriage records in France are full of wonderful genealogical information, though this information varies by time period. The later records usually provide more complete information than the earlier ones. Most civil registers are written in French, though this doesnt present a great difficulty to non-French speaking researchers as the format is basically the same for most records. All you need to do is learn a few basic French words (i.e.  naissancebirth) and you can read pretty much any French civil register. This  French Genealogical Word List  includes many of the common genealogy terms in English, along with their French equivalents. One more bonus of French civil records, is that birth records often include what is known as margin entries. References to other documents on an individual (name changes, court judgments, etc.) are often noted in the margins of the page containing the original birth registration. From 1897, these margin entries will also often include marriages. Youll also find divorces from 1939, deaths from 1945, and legal separations from 1958. Births (Naissances) Births were usually registered within two or three days of a childs birth, usually by the father. These records will typically provide the place, date and time of registration; the date and place of birth; the childs surname and forenames, the parents names (with mothers maiden name), and the names, ages, and professions of two witnesses. If the mother was single, her parents were often listed as well. Depending upon the time period and locality, the records may also provide additional details such as the age of the parents, the fathers occupation, the birthplace of the parents, and the relationship of the witnesses to the child (if any). Marriages (Mariages) After 1792, marriages had to be performed by civil authorities before couples could be married in the church. While church ceremonies were usually held in the town where the bride resided, civil registration of the marriage may have taken place elsewhere (such as the grooms place of residence). The civil marriage registers give many details, such as date and place (mairie) of the marriage, full names of the bride and groom, the names of their parents (including mothers maiden surname), the date and place of death for a deceased parent, the addresses and occupations of the bride and groom, details of any previous marriages, and the names, addresses, and occupations of at least two witnesses. There will also usually be an acknowledgement of any children born before the marriage. Deaths (Dà ©cà ¨s) Deaths were usually registered within a day or two in the town or city where the person died. These records can be especially useful for people born and/or married after 1792, because they may be the only existing records for these individuals. The very early death records often only include the full name of the deceased and the date and place of death. Most death records will also usually include the age and birthplace of the deceased as well as the parents names (including mothers maiden surname) and whether or not the parents are also deceased.  Death records  will also usually include the names, ages, occupations, and residences of two witnesses. Later death records provide the marital status of the deceased, the name of the spouse, and whether the spouse is still alive. Women are usually listed under their  maiden name, so you will want to search under both their married name and their maiden name to increase your chances of locating the record. Before you begin your search for a civil record in France, you will need some basic information - the name of the person, the place where the event took place (town/village), and the date of the event. In large cities, such as Paris or Lyon, you will also need to know the Arrondissement (district) where the event took place. If you are not certain of the year of the event, you will have to conduct a search in the tables dà ©cennales (ten-year indexes). These indexes usually index births, marriage, and deaths separately, and are alphabetical by surname. From these indexes you can obtain the given name(s), document number, and date of the civil register entry. French Genealogy Records Online A large number of French departmental archives have digitized many of their older records and made them available online - generally at no cost for access. Quite a few have their birth, marriage and death records (actes detat civil) online, or at least the decennial indexes. Generally you should expect to find digital images of the original books, but no searchable database or index. This is no more work than viewing the same records on microfilm, however, and you can search from the comfort of home! Explore this list of  Online French Genealogy Records  for links, or check the website of the Archives Departmentales which holds the records for your ancestors town. Do not expect to find records less than 100 years online, however. Some  genealogical societies  and other organizations have published online indexes, transcriptions and abstracts taken from French civil registers.  Subscription-based access to transcribed pre-1903 actes detat civil from a variety of genealogical societies and organizations is available through the French site Geneanet.org at  Actes de naissance, de mariage et de dà ©cà ¨s. At this site you can search by surname across all departments and results generally provide enough information that you can determine whether a particular record is the one you seek before you pay to view the full record. From the Family History Library One of the best sources for civil records for researchers living outside of France is the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. They have microfilmed  civil registration records  from about half of the departments in France up to 1870, and some departments up to 1890. You will generally find nothing microfilmed from the 1900s due to the 100 year privacy law. The Family History Library also has microfilm copies of the decennial indexes for almost every town in France. To determine if the Family History Library has microfilmed the registers for your town or village, just search for the town/village in the online  Family History Library Catalog. If the microfilms exist, you can borrow them for a nominal fee and have them sent to your local Family History center (available in all 50 U.S. states and in countries around the world) for viewing. At the Local Mairie If the Family History Library doesnt have the records you seek, then youll have to obtain civil record copies from the local registrars office (bureau de là ©tat civil) for your ancestors town. This office, usually located in the town hall (mairie) will usually mail one or two birth, marriage, or death certificates at no charge. They are very busy, however, and are under no obligation to respond to your request. To help ensure a response, please request no more than two certificates at one time and include as much information as possible. It is also a good idea to include a donation for their time and expense. See How to Request French Genealogy Records by Mail for more information. The local registrars office is basically your only resource if you are searching for records which are less than 100 years old. These records are confidential and will only be sent to direct descendants. To support such cases you will need to provide birth certificates for yourself and each of the ancestors above you in a direct line to the individual for which you are requesting the record. It is also recommended that you provide a simple family tree diagram showing your relationship to the individual, which will help the registrar in checking that you have provided all of the necessary supporting documents. If you plan to visit the Mairie in person, then call or write in advance to establish that they have the registers that you are looking for and to confirm their hours of operation. Be sure to bring along at least two forms of photo ID, including your passport if you live outside of France. If you will be searching for records of less than 100 years, be sure to bring along all necessary supporting documentation as described above. Parish registers, or church records, in France are an extemely valuable resource for genealogy, espeically prior to 1792 when civil registration went into effect. What are Parish Registers? The Catholic religion was the state religion of France until 1787, with the exception of the period of Tolerance of Protestantism from 1592-1685. The Catholic parish registers (Registres Paroissiaux  or  Registres de Catholicit) were the only method of recording births, deaths, and marriages in France prior to the introduction of state registration in September 1792. Parish registers date back to as early as 1334, though the majority of surviving records date from the mid-1600s. These early records were kept in French and sometimes in Latin. They also include not only baptisms, marriages, and burials, but also confirmations and banns. The information recorded in parish registers varied over time. Most church records will, at a minimum, include the names of the people involved, the date of the event, and sometimes the names of the parents. Later records include more details such as ages, occupations, and witnesses. Where to Find French Parish Registers The majority of church records prior to 1792 are held by the Archives Dà ©partementales, though a few small parish churches still retain these old registers. Libraries in larger towns and cities may hold duplicate copies of these archives. Even some town halls hold collections of parish registers. Many of the old parishes have closed, and their records have been combined with those of a nearby church. Several small towns/villages did not have their own church, and their records will usually be found in a parish of a nearby town. A village may have even belonged to different parishes during different periods of time. If you cant find your ancestors in the church where you think they should be, then make sure to check neighboring parishes. Most departmental archives will not do research in parish registers for you, though they will respond to written inquiries regarding the whereabouts of the parish registers of a specific locality. In most cases, you will have to visit the archives in person or hire a professional researcher to obtain the records for you. The Family History Library also has Catholic Church records on microfilm for over 60% of the departments in France. Some deparmental archives, such as Yvelines, have digitized their parish registers and put them online. See  Online French Genealogy Records. Parish records from 1793 are held by the parish, with a copy in the Diocesan archives. These records will usually not contain as much information as the civil records of the time, but are still an important source of genealogical information. Most parish priests will respond to written requests for record copies if provided with full details of the names, dates, and type of event. Sometimes these records will be in the form of photocopies, though often the information will only be transcribed to save wear and tear on the precious documents. Many churches will require donations of about 50-100 francs ($7-15), so include this in your letter for best results. While civil and parish registers provide the largest body of records for French ancestral research, there are other sources which can provide details on your past. Census Records Censuses were taken every five years in France beginning in 1836, and contain the names (first and surname) of all members living in the household with their dates and places of birth (or their ages), nationality and professions. Two exceptions to the five year rule include the 1871 census which was actually taken in 1872, and the 1916 census which was skipped due to the First World War. Some communities also have an earlier census for 1817. Census records in France actually date back to 1772 but prior to 1836 usually only noted numbers of people per household, though sometimes they would include the head of household as well. Census records in France are not often used for genealogical research because they are not indexed making it difficult to locate a name in them. They work well for smaller towns and villages, but locating a city-dwelling family in a census without a street address can be very time consuming. When available, however, census records can provide a number of helpful clues about French families. French census records are located in departmental archives, a few of which have made them available online in digital format (see  Online French Genealogy Records). Some census records have also been microfilmed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormon church) and are available through your Local Family History center. Voting lists from 1848 (women are not listed until 1945) may also contain useful information such as names, addresses, occupations and places of birth. Cemeteries In France, tombstones with legible inscriptions can be found from as early as the 18th century. Cemetery management is considered a public concern, so most French cemeteries are well maintained. France also has laws regulating the reuse of graves after a set time period. In most cases the grave is leased for a given period - usually up to 100 years - and then it is available for reuse. Cemetery records in France are usually kept at the local town hall and may include the name and age of the deceased, the birth date, death date, and place of residence. The cemetery keeper may also have records with detailed information and even relationships. Please contact the keeper for any local cemetery before  taking pictures, as it is illegal to photograph French tombstones without permission. Military Records An important source of information for men who served in the French armed services is the military records held by the Army and Navy Historical Services in Vincennes, France. Records survive from as early as the 17th century and may include information on a mans wife, children, date of marriage, names and addresses for next of kin, a physical description of the man, and details of his service. These military records are kept confidential for 120 years from the date of a soldiers birth and, therefore, are rarely used in French genealogical research. Archivists in Vincennes will occasionally answer written requests, but you must include the exact name of the person, time period, rank, and regiment or ship. Most young men in France were required to register for military service, and these conscription records can also provide valuable genealogical information. These records are located at the departmental archives and are not indexed. Notarial Records Notarial records are very important sources of genealogical information in France. These are documents prepared by notaries which can include such records as marriage settlements, wills, inventories, guardianship agreements, and property transfers (other land and court records are held in the National Archives (Archives nationales), mairies, or Departmental archives. They include some of the oldest available records in France, with some dating all the way back to the 1300s. Most French notarial records are not indexed, which can make research in them difficult. The majority of these records are located in the departmental archives arranged by the name of the notary and his town of residence. It is almost impossible to research these records without visiting the archives in person, or hiring a professional researcher to do so for you. Jewish and Protestant Records Early Protestant and Jewish records in France can be a little harder to find than most. Many Protestants fled from France in the 16th and 17th centuries to escape religious persecution which also discouraged the keeping of registers. Some Protestant registers may be found at local churches, town halls, the Departmental Archives, or the Protestant Historical Society in Paris.